The Importance of Colonoscopies: What You Need to Know

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women combined. It's estimated to account for over 53,000 deaths in 2024 alone. And yet, it's also one of the most preventable types of cancer with regular screenings. A colonoscopy is a quick and effective way to screen for colorectal cancer. And getting regualar colonoscopies could prevent you from developing this type of cancer at all. In honor of Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, we're sharing everything you need to know about colonoscopies–from the benefits to the risks and everything in between.

What is a colonoscopy?

A colonoscopy is a common medical procedure used to screen for colon and rectal cancers. During a colonoscopy, a doctor inserts a long, flexible tube equipped with a tiny camera into the rectum and colon.The camera sends images of the colon to a computer screen, which the doctor uses to look for abnormal growths, such as polyps. Polyps are growths inside the colon and rectum that may become cancerous if left alone. If any polyps are found, they can be removed during the procedure before becoming cancerous. 

What are the benefits of a colonoscopy?

A colonoscopy is the most effective method for colorectal cancer screening because it’s the only test that can detect and remove the cancer in the same procedure. By removing precancerous growths, this can help prevent the cancer from developing in the first place.In addition to detecting colon cancer, a colonoscopy can also be used to diagnose other conditions of the lower gastrointestinal tract such as diverticulosis, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis.

What are the risks of a colonoscopy?

Overall, the risks of a colonoscopy are very low. There are some risks associated with undergoing a colonoscopy, but these are typically minor and temporary. The most common side effects are bloating, cramping, and gas. Some people may also experience light bleeding from the site where a polyp was removed. This bleeding is usually minor and stops on its own.More serious complications, like bowel perforation or severe bleeding, may happen but are extremely rare and usually only occur if there are pre-existing medical conditions present.

Who should get a colonoscopy?

The American Cancer Society recommends that anyone 45 and older begin regular screenings for colorectal cancer. However, if you have a family history of colon cancer, you may need to start screening at an earlier age. Additionally, Black Americans have a higher risk of developing colon cancer, so they may also begin screening at an earlier age.In addition to age and family history, there are other risk factors for developing colon cancer. Anyone who has had polyps in the past is at an increased risk, and those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are also at an increased risk. Smoking and heavy alcohol use are also risk factors for developing colon cancer.

How often should you get a colonoscopy?

The frequency with which you should be screened truly depends on several factors, including your age, family history, and personal health history. However, it’s recommended that if you’re 45 or older and have no risk factors, you should be screened for colon cancer every 7-10 years. If you have a family history of colon cancer or have had polyps in the past, you may need to be screened more frequently. Your doctor will be able to give you more specific recommendations based on your individual risk factors.

What happens during a colonoscopy?

A doctor typically performs a colonoscopy in an outpatient setting. The entire procedure usually takes less than 30 minutes.Before the colonoscopy, you will be asked to empty your bowels and given a laxative to help you do this. You will also be asked to fast for at least 4 hours before the procedure. This means no food or drink. When you arrive for the procedure, you will be given a sedative, usually through an IV, which will make you drowsy and relaxed. You may not remember much of the procedure after the sedative has been given.Once you’re sedated, the doctor will insert a long, flexible tube into your rectum and colon. The tube has a light and camera attached to it so that the doctor can see inside your colon. The doctor may also take biopsies during the procedure if any abnormal growths are found. After the procedure is complete, you will be taken to a recovery area where you can be monitored for any complications before returning home. 

The earlier cancer is caught, the better.

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the United States. The good news is that it’s also one of the most preventable types of cancer. And, when caught early, it’s highly treatable. That’s why it’s important to talk to your doctor about getting screened for colon cancer, even if you don’t think you have any risk factors. The sooner you catch it, the better your chances are of beating it–or even preventing it altogether.